Update 2026: We have comprehensively reviewed and verified this guide to reflect the latest best practices in network infrastructure, security protocols, and DNS management.
The Systematic Approach to Network Troubleshooting
Effective network troubleshooting requires working through the network stack from bottom to top, eliminating possibilities at each layer rather than randomly trying fixes. For internet connectivity and DNS problems — the most common issues for website owners — the relevant layers are:
- Network layer: IP connectivity — can you reach the target IP at all?
- Transport layer: TCP/UDP connectivity — can you establish connections on specific ports?
- Application layer: DNS resolution, HTTP/S connections, TLS handshakes
Ping: Testing Basic IP Connectivity
Ping sends ICMP Echo Request packets to a target host and measures how long it takes to receive Echo Reply responses. It is the first tool to use when diagnosing connectivity.
Basic usage:
- Windows:
ping example.com - Linux/macOS:
ping example.comorping6 example.comfor IPv6
What to look for:
- Reply received: Basic connectivity exists
- 100% packet loss: Host unreachable, or ICMP is filtered by firewall
- High latency (>200ms for nearby hosts): Network congestion or routing issues
- Variable latency (jitter): Network instability
Important caveat: Many servers block ICMP ping for security reasons. A ping failure does not always mean the host is down — try connecting on the actual service port to verify.
Traceroute: Tracing the Network Path
Traceroute shows every router hop between your computer and the destination, along with the latency at each hop. This is invaluable for identifying where a connection problem occurs.
Usage:
- Linux/macOS:
traceroute example.com - Windows:
tracert example.com - Better alternative:
mtr example.com(combines ping and traceroute with real-time statistics)
Interpreting traceroute output:
- Each line represents one router hop
- Three latency values are shown (three probe packets per hop)
* * *means the router did not respond (often firewall filtering, not a problem)- Latency should generally increase with each hop
- A sudden large latency increase that persists for all subsequent hops indicates a real problem at that hop
- A spike that recovers is likely just a router with deprioritized ICMP — not a real problem
dig: The Definitive DNS Query Tool
dig (Domain Information Groper) is the most powerful command-line DNS diagnostic tool, providing detailed output of DNS query results.
Common usage examples:
Query an A record: dig example.com
Query specific record type: dig MX example.com or dig TXT example.com
Query specific DNS server: dig @8.8.8.8 example.com A (use Google DNS)
Trace full resolution path: dig +trace example.com
Short output (just the answer): dig +short example.com A
Check DNSSEC: dig +dnssec example.com
Reverse DNS lookup: dig -x 93.184.216.34
Key sections in dig output:
- QUESTION SECTION: What you queried
- ANSWER SECTION: The actual DNS records returned
- AUTHORITY SECTION: The authoritative nameservers for the domain
- SERVER: Which DNS server answered your query
- Query time: How long the query took
Troubleshooting with dig:
Compare results from multiple DNS servers: dig @8.8.8.8 example.com vs dig @1.1.1.1 example.com to check consistency. Use dig +trace to see exactly how resolution proceeds from root servers, identifying where resolution fails.
nslookup: Cross-Platform DNS Testing
nslookup is available on Windows, macOS, and Linux, making it useful when dig is not installed.
Basic queries:
nslookup example.com— Query system default DNSnslookup example.com 8.8.8.8— Specify DNS servernslookup -type=MX example.com— Query specific record type
curl: Testing HTTP Connections
curl is essential for testing HTTP and HTTPS connectivity, verifying certificates, and checking response headers.
Show only response headers: curl -I https://example.com
Verbose output including TLS handshake details: curl -v https://example.com
Follow redirects: curl -L https://example.com
Measure connection timing:
curl -w "DNS: %{time_namelookup}s\nConnect: %{time_connect}s\nSSL: %{time_appconnect}s\nTotal: %{time_total}s\n" -o /dev/null -s https://example.com
The timing output identifies which phase of a request is slow — DNS resolution, TCP connection establishment, TLS handshake, or content transfer.
Interpreting Common Error Messages
"DNS_PROBE_FINISHED_NXDOMAIN" (Chrome): DNS returned NXDOMAIN — the domain does not exist. Check for typos in the URL, verify the domain is registered and DNS records exist using our DNS Lookup tool.
"ERR_CONNECTION_REFUSED": Your computer reached the server's IP but the server rejected the connection (nothing listening on that port). Check that the web server is running.
"ERR_CONNECTION_TIMED_OUT": No response received within the timeout. Could be firewall blocking, server down, or network routing problem. Use traceroute to identify where the failure occurs.
"ERR_SSL_PROTOCOL_ERROR": TLS handshake failed. Possible causes: expired certificate, certificate name mismatch, or server using outdated TLS version.
"ERR_CERT_DATE_INVALID": The SSL certificate has expired. Investigate certificate expiration and renew immediately.
A Practical Troubleshooting Workflow
When a website or service is unreachable, follow this systematic workflow:
- Verify the URL and try again — Rule out typos and transient failures
- Try from a different device or network — Isolate whether the problem is local or widespread
- Check DNS resolution:
dig example.com— Does the domain resolve to the expected IP? - Test IP connectivity:
ping [IP from step 3]— Can you reach the server's IP? - Test port connectivity:
curl -v https://example.com— Can you establish an HTTP/S connection? - Run traceroute — If ping fails, identify where the path breaks
- Check server status — Is the web server actually running?
- Review recent changes — What changed recently? DNS, hosting, firewall, certificate?
Conclusion
Systematic network diagnostics with the right tools makes troubleshooting faster and more accurate. DNS issues are among the most common causes of website unreachability — use dig to quickly verify DNS resolution and compare results across multiple DNS servers.
For a web-based DNS diagnostic view without command-line tools, our DNS Lookup tool provides multi-server query results, and our DNS Propagation Checker shows results from 28+ global locations simultaneously.
